Incorporating tides and internal gravity waves within global ocean general circulation models: A review

Until recently, high-resolution global modeling of tides has been done separately from the atmospherically-forced oceanic general circulation. Here we review emerging class models that are simultaneously forced by both atmospheric fields and astronomical tidal potential. Such simulate barotropic (surface) tides, internal near-inertial motions, eddying circulation, a partially resolved gravity wave (IGW) continuum spectrum (Garrett-Munk spectrum) simultaneously. We technical aspects such their myriad applications, for example, in satellite oceanography, operational boundary forcing regional models, tidal-cryosphere interactions, assessment future coastal flooding hazards changing climate with altered tides.